It’s easy to get lulled into complacency by synchronized global growth, easy financial conditions and super-low economic and financial market volatility. Yet, while the current macro environment and outlook appear better than many of the younger market participants can remember, the last time a similar combination prevailed was in 2006 — and that didn’t end well.
Eleven years on, we don’t think another major financial crisis is likely over our cyclical horizon spanning the next six to 12 months. However, then as now, when the macroeconomic environment is as good as it gets and valuations are tight, it is time to emphasize caution and capital preservation.
Looking on the bright side, our baseline economic forecast is for a continuation of synchronized world real GDP growth at a decent 3% pace in 2018 (the same as this year), low near-term recession risks, a moderate pickup in underlying inflation in the advanced economies, mildly supportive fiscal policies and an only gradual removal of monetary accommodation. Political risks emanating from nationalist/populist movements look more contained for now, particularly in Europe, partly as a function of better economic growth. Moreover, China may well be successful in continuing to suppress volatility well beyond the 19th National Party Congress in October.
So, if you want to stay or become a bull on risk assets, all of this seems like good macro fodder.
The ABCs of caution
However, once you start to look through the smooth macro surface at the underlying risks and uncertainties, there are a few problems that might pop up even over the short-term cyclical horizon
and upset the eerie calm in financial markets. Apart from the obvious geopolitical threat emanating from North Korea, the most important macro uncertainties — “the ABCs of caution” — are the aging U.S. economic expansion, the coming end of central bank balance sheet expansion, and China’s political and economic course following the party congress.
On aging, as the U.S. expansion matures and slack in the labor market keeps eroding, we expect GDP growth to slow to a below-consensus 2% or less and core CPI inflation to pick up to 2% in the course of 2018. Thus, the mix of nominal growth between real growth and inflation will become less favorable as disappearing slack makes it difficult to sustain the current pace of job and output growth.
True, an acceleration of productivity growth would help, but doesn’t seem to be in the offing as business investment outside energy remains moderate. A Federal Reserve that is fixated on the Phillips curve will likely raise the policy rate two or three times between now and the end of 2018 – less than the four hikes the Federal Open Market Committee currently foresees but more than the extremely shallow rate hike path that markets price in right now. Thus, the front end of the U.S. yield curve looks vulnerable.
Regarding central bank balance sheets, the market has so far taken in stride the Fed’s plans to begin the process of normalizing its balance sheet in October as well as the European Central Bank’s hints at tapering its bond purchases next year. But don’t forget that there is virtually no historical precedent for major central banks actively reducing their balance sheets. Thus, the impact of the Fed’s balance sheet unwind on the term premium and other risk premiums is unknown, especially as it will coincide with a period of uncertainty about the future Fed chair and the composition of the Board of Governors. This is one reason for us to be slightly underweight duration and to expect a steeper yield curve.
As regards China, our debates centered on the implications of the more centralized and concentrated leadership that is likely to result from the party congress in October. One view is that the new/old leadership will focus on further suppressing economic and financial volatility through a combination of continued leverage expansion, financial repression including tight capital controls and imposition of supply discipline in commodities industries. If so, unlike in 2015–2016, China wouldn’t be an exporter of volatility to global financial markets.
While this is a possible outcome, another distinct possibility is that the likely consolidation and concentration of power opens the door for significant and surprising policy changes, including major reforms affecting state-owned enterprises and forced deleveraging, which would weigh heavily on growth and could lead to more tolerance for currency depreciation. This could potentially be signaled by a highly symbolic shift, such as the leadership dropping the growth target. Such changes, or the fear thereof, have potential to disrupt global markets.
In addition, a more assertive China in foreign affairs under a “paramount leader” President Xi Jinping raises the risk of an escalating trade conflict in case the U.S. administration decides to get tough on trade policy.
Around the globe in 5 minutes
Here’s our 2018 outlook for the major economies:
U.S.
We expect GDP growth to slow to a below-consensus 2% or less, albeit still above trend, and we see core CPI inflation picking up to 2% in the course of 2018. While secular forces like technology, globalization and slow productivity growth have flattened the Phillips curve, we expect some cyclical upward pressure on wages as slack erodes further. Disappearing slack should also make it difficult to sustain the current pace of job and output growth. We don’t expect a significant acceleration of productivity growth, either. The Fed will likely continue along its trajectory of gradual tightening with two or three rate hikes between now and the end of 2018.
Note that in our base case, we expect a small tax cut (rather than a major tax reform) worth about $500 billion over 10 years, which is too small to move the needle on growth. Hopes for a bipartisan tax deal are likely to be disappointed as Democrats and Republicans seem too far apart on tax issues.
Eurozone
The eurozone economy is likely to grow by an above-consensus 2% in 2018 and thus significantly above trend, but past labor-market reforms, persistent competitiveness gaps between eurozone member states and the euro’s appreciation suggest that core inflation will make only moderate progress toward the ECB’s target of “below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.”
Still, technical and political constraints will induce the ECB to gradually taper its bond purchases in the course of 2018, while keeping policy rates at record lows until well into 2019 and thus for longer than markets price in.
A key risk for the outlook is the Italian elections in the first half of 2018.
However, the political risks look more contained as the euroskeptical parties in Italy have toned down their anti-euro rhetoric (Italexit doesn’t seem very popular with Italian voters). Also, elections in France and the Netherlands earlier this year have seen limited success versus expectations for more extreme positions on euro membership.
U.K.
We expect growth to remain at current levels of around 1.5% for the balance of 2017 and into early 2018. Our base case expects a transitional arrangement to smooth the U.K. separation from the EU. If this happens, we expect growth to reaccelerate as business confidence picks up and some pent-up business investment is approved. We also see some scope for a pickup in government spending after seven years of austerity. Our U.K. growth forecast is in line with the consensus for 2017 and above for 2018.
We see inflation returning to the 2% target by the end of 2018, earlier than both the consensus and the Bank of England. We believe all of the rise in U.K. CPI so far this year can be attributed to the fall in the British pound GBPUSD, +0.4109% after last year’s Brexit vote. We expect the upward pressures from import prices to fade over 2018, and with few signs of second-round effects in domestically generated inflation, we see CPI back to target by the end of 2018.
In our base case we expect the BOE to start raising interest rates in 2018, although given the recent hawkish tone there is a risk of a hike in 2017. We expect to see one or two interest-rate hikes by the end of 2018, with risks evenly spread around the central forecast.
Japan
We expect real GDP growth to moderate somewhat in 2018 but remain above trend, reflecting ongoing fiscal and monetary support as well as decent global growth. Core CPI inflation should creep up toward close to 1% in the course of next year as wage growth accelerates, but the 2% inflation target remains out of reach for the foreseeable future. Still, with some progress on the inflation front, we look for the Bank of Japan to nudge its yield target for 10-year Japanese government bonds 20 to 30 basis points higher from the current level of 0% in the second half of next year.
A key potential swing factor for the economic and market outlook will be the political future of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe a
In our base case, we expect Abenomics to prevail even under a potential new prime minister and/or central bank governor. However, there is a distinct risk that a new leadership might shift toward tighter fiscal policies and a normalization of monetary policy.
China
Our base case sees growth decelerating further in 2018 from the current 6.6% pace, with our (unusually wide) forecast range centered around 6%. Uncertainty about the leadership’s prospective stance on financial stability, deleveraging and economic growth following the party congress in October is unusually high.
As we noted above, one possible scenario is that the new/old leadership will focus on further suppressing volatility via continued leverage expansion, financial repression and imposition of supply discipline in commodities industries. If so, growth could hold up at around the current pace.
Another scenario is that the likely consolidation of power creates opportunities for significant policy pivots, including major reforms in state-owned enterprises and forced deleveraging. These changes would tend to weigh heavily on growth (pushing it to below 6%) and could lead to greater tolerance for a depreciating Chinese yuan. In this scenario we could see a highly symbolic shift, such as the leadership dropping the growth target.
Investment implications
In an environment in which the macro climate is about as good as it is going to get and where valuations are tight, we will emphasize capital preservation in our portfolios. The considerable uncertainty in the outlook, including the aging U.S. expansion, tapering of central bank balance sheet support and China-related risks we think necessitates generating income and grinding out alpha with a broad set of small trades rather than taking large concentrations in generic corporate credit.
While the baseline for the Fed’s balance sheet unwind and the ECB’s ongoing tapering — and broader central bank tightening — should be broadly priced in, the fact remains that full valuations and low volatility leave little margin for error. In the later stages of the corporate credit cycle, as active managers, we think it makes sense to emphasize portfolio liquidity and to avoid less liquid positions as a rule and focus on those bottom-up opportunities where we are truly paid for the risk.
Equities
In asset allocation portfolios, we expect to be broadly neutral on equities and commodities. Global equities have had a good year supported by a robust synchronized recovery in earnings. While fundamentals at the global level broadly underpin performance, valuations are full. Japanese equities stand out, screening as relatively “cheap” among developed markets, with the possibility of earnings upside versus relatively subdued expectations.
Commodities
We expect oil prices CLX7, -0.04% to be fairly range-bound with natural stabilizers on both the upside and downside thanks to OPEC spare capacity and the relatively quick responsiveness of shale production to price changes.
This is the time to protect your capital, not to take big bets in the markets
Think Bitcoin is in bubble territory? You haven't seen nothing yet, says one cryptocurrency expert, who believes its value needs to surge by about 300 times over the next several years to be considered a legitimate currency or risk retreating into obscurity and obsolescence.
Bitcoin, the No. 1 cryptocurrency, has drawn outsize attention over its parabolic rise—and the recent, brutal plunge it has been enduring in recent trade.
Some market participants, however, make the case that despite its roughly 260% year-to-date rise BTCUSD, +1.82% it has to clear a far more stratospheric value hurdle to evolve into a practical form of money alongside fiat units like the U.S. dollar DXY, -0.23% Europe’s Euro EURUSD, +0.2265% or British pound GBPUSD, +1.4480%
A single bitcoin was worth about $3,568 in recent trade, off lows of the past few days, according to data site Coindesk.com, amid regulatory headwinds in China and critical comments from Wall Street pros like J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.’s CEO Jamie Dimon.
Still, a bitcoin would need to be worth a stunning $1,000,000 to be a bona fide monetary unit, says Iqbal Gandham, U.K managing director at eToro, a trading platform.
In other words, the digital currency would need to see a 300 fold run-up from its current level. To be sure, Gandham isn’t making a prediction; though he believes the currency has the ability to scale such lofty levels, Gandham thinks that bitcoin needs to climb to such a level to be truly viable as a monetary unit.
To understand why is to understand the tiniest component of bitcoin—the Satoshi. Named after the purported creator of bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto. A Satoshi is equal to 0.00000001 bitcoin.
Put another way, one bitcoin contains 100 million Satoshis.
Satoshi’s value in dollars equated to $0.0000356819 at last check. Gandham argues that a Satoshi needs to be equivalent to a single penny, which it would when one bitcoin is worth $1,000,000.
“It is the Satoshi with which people will buy a cup of coffee,” Gandham told MarketWatch. He said using bitcoin now to purchase goods and services, as one would with dollars, isn’t feasible because bitcoin hasn’t reached the necessary economies of scale.
“People don’t use a bar of gold to buy things, they use subdivisions of gold,” he said, saying that using bitcoin now to purchase items is like using a bar of gold to purchase a beverage or a meal.
Gandham also said bitcoin really needs to get to that million-dollar mark in the next few years. Some are already wagering that it will get close: John McAfee, founder of his namesake antivirus software company says bitcoin is headed to the $500,000 level within three years.
“It needs to get there in the next few years if it is really going to work,” Gandham said. “People will only spend the subdivision of bitcoin—and you can only spend the subdivision—if they are of reasonable value,” he said.
Bitcoin has been in the buzzy consciousness of average folks for the better part of the past decade. Created at the height of the financial crisis, it has emerged for some as among the clearest alternatives to government-backed currencies.
Bitcoin bulls argue that much of the modern currency world is a product of a manufactured economy, in which central banks print money to boost economic growth, putting bitcoin and other digital currencies, like Ethereum, in position to be considered on par, if not better than, their fiat counterparts in terms of their economic utility.
Against the backdrop of easy-money policies, the Dow Jones Industrial AverageDJIA, +0.29% the S&P 500 index SPX, +0.18% and the Nasdaq Composite Index COMP, +0.30% are all at their highest levels in history, while the 10-year Treasury note TMUBMUSD10Y, +0.76% with prices moving inversely to yields, seeing yields near historic lows.
Bitcoin needs to be worth $1,000,000 to be a legitimate currency
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